A study from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis shows tha whites and Asian-Americans appear to be doing a lot better than Hispanics and African-Americans.
By Cass R. Sunstein
Bloomberg View, March 2, 2015 —
POCKET CHANGE. PHOTOGRAPHER: JOE RAEDLE/GETTY IMAGES
The growing national concern about economic inequality raises many questions. One has to do with demographic groups. Are some doing better than others? If so, exactly why?
A new study from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis shows that as most people assume, education is a key both to mobility and to the accumulation of wealth. But another important factor is economic decision-making. And when it comes to financial prudence, whites and Asian-Americans appear to be doing a lot better than Hispanics and African-Americans.
Consider some numbers. From 1989 to 2013, the median wealth of white families stayed essentially constant, rising (in inflation-adjusted dollars) from $130,102 to $134,008.
For Hispanic families, in contrast, the value grew significantly, but from a low starting point: $9,229 to $13,900.
For African-American families, the story is similar: The median rose from $7,736 to $11,184.
The biggest advance by far was made by Asian-American families, who experienced an increase from $64,165 to $94,440 (including a significant spike since 2010).
For most of the past two decades, their median income has been higher than that of whites, and if current trends continue, their median wealth will soon be higher, too.
What accounts for this? Since 1989, Asian-Americans have enjoyed an explosive growth in educational attainment. In 2013, 65 percent of Asian-Americans ages 35 to 39 had a four-year college degree — compared with 42 percent for whites, 26 percent for African-Americans and 16 percent for Hispanics. Over time, these differences are bound to produce increases in both income and wealth.
Hispanics and African-Americans have much less wealth than whites and Asian-Americans — 90 percent less. Revealingly, this difference between the races is much greater than the income gap. Hispanics and African-Americans earn 40 percent less than whites and Asian-Americans do.
Part of the explanation for the wealth disparity involves financial decision-making. African-Americans and Hispanics show less asset diversification, and they hold twice as much debt as their Asian-American and white counterparts. They appear to be borrowing at higher interest rates and investing in assets that have low returns, such as housing.
To evaluate financial decision-making, the authors of the Fed report looked at people’s savings rates, credit-card balances, debt-to-income ratios and missed payments over the course of a year. On these measures, which the researchers combined to produce a “financial health scorecard,” Asian-Americans and whites have been quite comparable since 1992 (with Asian-Americans doing better from 2007-2013) — and Hispanics and African-Americans have lagged.
You might think that education could explain the variations. After all, if one demographic group has more college graduates, it should do better not only in terms of income and wealth, but also on the financial health scorecard.
But that’s not what the study found. Within the same categories of educational attainment, the differences among demographic groups remain almost the same. On the financial health scorecard, the gaps between Hispanics and whites, and between African-Americans and whites, are greatest at the higher levels of educational attainment.
And at every level of education, Asian-Americans show much better financial health than African-Americans and Hispanics. Holding income constant, they have managed to do relatively well in both saving money and avoiding debt.
While education matters to income and intergenerational mobility, economic well-being also depends on people’s financial decisions, which can enable them to accumulate wealth. Reducing inequality — and promoting what Governor Jeb Bush calls a “right to rise” — is in significant part a matter of helping people to improve those decisions.
This column does not necessarily reflect the opinion of Bloomberg View’s editorial board or Bloomberg LP, its owners and investors.
Cass R. Sunstein, the former administrator of the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, is the Robert Walmsley university professor at Harvard Law School and a Bloomberg View columnist.
To contact the author on this story:
Cass R Sunstein at csunstein1@bloomberg.net
To contact the editor on this story:
Mary Duenwald at mduenwald@bloomberg.net
